Spondylolisthesis

«Understanding the condition (definition, symptoms, epidemiology, stages, absolute surgical indications)» slot — content in preparation.

«How surgery and SART complement each other» slot — content in preparation.

These are the evidence candidates assigned to this topic. The citations to be used are finalised by the author when the page is published.

• EV-001★★L4 · Cadaveric / biomechanical model / basic experimentfoundational

  Discs fail under torsion and rotational shear, not under compression

  The fibres of the lumbar annulus fibrosus run in alternating oblique layers, so when the spine rotates only half of the fibres take tension while the rest slacken, halving the tissue's capacity to resist. The annulus is therefore strong in compression but vulnerable to torsion. When the facet joints fail to check rotation, that rotational load is transferred into the disc and tears it (the three-joint complex).

  Farfan HF (1973) · Mechanical Disorders of the Low Back

• EV-022★L5 · Expert opinion / classical theory / mechanistic hypothesisfoundational

  In every joint, geometric angle determines movement

  The geometry of the joint surfaces determines the direction of movement and the automatic rotation of that joint. This is the normal physiology that pairs with Farfan's account of failure.

  Kapandji AI (1974) · The Physiology of the Joints, Vol 3

• EV-055★L5 · Expert opinion / classical theory / mechanistic hypothesisfoundational

  Pain arises from loss of control in a specific direction (uncontrolled motion)

  Identifies the direction in which movement is uncontrolled and retrains stability in that direction, distinguishing the roles of global and local muscles.

  Comerford M (2001) · Functional Stability Re-training